I found an overwhelming panoply.

After about two days of surfing the net on this topic, I have one thing to report: There's a lot out there. Scientists have formed a web of overlapping, cooperative entities with the same goal: sharing data and materials.

The largest appears to an initiative spearheaded by CODATA. As the name shows, the Global Information Commons for Science Initiative has some lofty goals: providing open availability on a sustainable basis and facilitating reuse of publicly-funded scientific data and information, and encouragement and coordination of the efforts of the many stakeholders in the world’s diverse scientific community. countries."http://www.codata.org/wsis/GICSI-prospectus.html

Involved in this project is the International Council of Scientists. This group has even raised concerns about the threat that commercialization might pose to the openness that they cherish. As their site states, "There is a balance to be maintained between the open and free use of data, information and materials for scientific research and education purposes and the exploitation of such products for commercial gain. Given the increasing emphasis on commercialisation, it is important to preserve and strengthen a universally accessible public domain for science." http://www.icsu.org/1_icsuinscience/DATA_IPR_1.html To that end, the group has proposed a committee to monitor developments relating to intellectual property law on a worldwide scale. The group seeks to address the "current void in the international scientific community's awareness, understanding, and action in this arena." Specifically, the group is focussing on the World Intellectual Property Organization.

Here's a few other organizations, that are sometimes affiliated with the two above:
The National Snow and Ice Data Center is really quite open, and allows scientists to apply and submit their work. They have quite a few contributors.
The World Data Center System is exactly what it claims to be, as it collects and distributes data on "a wide range of solar, geophysical, environmental, and human dimensions data." http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/wdc/
The International Council for Science is a large umbrella organization, "actively advocating for freedom in the conduct of science, promoting equitable access to scientific data and information, and facilitating science education and capacity building." http://www.icsu.org/5_abouticsu/INTRO.php

I also ran across countless other aconymns, affiliations, partnerships, etc. This is just a few of the most prevalent ones.